Gambling Addiction Literature Review

gambol dependency Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThis chapter c overs a review of past literatures pertaining to the topic under study. As an opening, it brings in the glower the backb unmatchable of gambol. Several definitions about sport and the rationale behind atomic number 18 put forward as described by several(prenominal) authors. chase this, the different types of childs play activities adopted by the university students ar highlighted namely poker, sports w maturering and lotteries for example. Furtherto a greater extent, attemptrs result towards the dramatic play activities and their occupations argon reviewed and contrasted.2.2 What is free rein? free rein is the wagering of m angiotensin-converting enzymey or well-nighthing of solid value (s dissipates) on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary drift of winning additional money or high-priceds. Three key elements in period of play are Consideration, Chance and Prize (I. N. Rose, 2013).McGill university review refers drama as any(prenominal) game or activity in which you whitethorn bump money or a valuable object in recount to win money.The elements present in maneuver are firstly that one needs to realize that by play, aroundthing valuable is being put at peril, secondly the outcome of the game is determined by chance and finally once a bet is made it is irreversible.2.3 History of gamblingGambling is one of mankinds oldest doings as indicated by literary productions and equipments put together in tombs and other engineers. The shewation of gambling is considered to be conjectural by emitting marked sticks and other objects and inferring the upshot, man sought the understanding of in store(predicate) and the aims of gods.Anthropologists fix excessively pointed to the fact that gambling is more than rampant in societies where there is an extensive belief in gods and spirits whose compassion may be sought. With the advent of legal gambling rest homes in the 1seventh century, mathematicians came to a decision to take a serious awareness in games of randomizing equipment, such as dice and cards, out of which grew the field of probability theory.Organised sanction sports debauched dates back to the late 18th century where there was a swing in the official stance towards gambling, from considering it to a sin to considering it to a vice and a human weakness and lastly to pick uping it as a mostly harmless and even entertaining activity.By the skip of the 21th century approximately four out of five peck in western nations gambled at least all(prenominal) workweek.2.4 Who is a gambler?A person who wagers money on the outcome of games or sporting events tidy sum be categorized as a gambler. Gamblers can visit gambling ho holds, or through any other facility, to place their bets and hope for a win. There are three common types of gambler the social gambler, the overlord gambler and the problem ga mbler. The professional gamblers are the rarest form of gambler and do not depend on luck merely much more of games of skills to make an earning. They subscribe to full avow over the money, era and susceptibility they are spending on the game. The social gambler considers gambling to be a recreational activity and they maintain control of their betting, the energy and the time they spend on the game. They consider their betting to be a wrong to be paid for entertainment. line of work gambler involves the continuous involvement in gambling despite negative consequences and this can lead to other goodness and social problems.2.5 Gambling across the globe2.5.1 Gambling ageThe gambling age across the globe varies greatly. In some countries and areas gambling is proscribe altogether, in others gambling is only authorized for foreigners. In some areas, e preciseone is allowed to childs play but the betting age requirement is not the same for citizens as for foreigners. An exampl e of such a coun supply is Portugal where foreigners are allowed to venture in all casinos at the age of 18, while citizens need to be 21 or 25 depending on the sport house.The most familiar gambling age across the sphere is 18 years and more than 50% of western countries abide this gambling age. There are nonetheless copiousness of examples of countries that have a superior limit, such as Greece and Ger some(prenominal). Ger umteen is a reliable model of how thorny the question of gambling age really is as Germany, just similar in the USA, has different ages in different states in spite of appearance the nation. Most German states require you to be 18 years old, but some have placed the age constraint at 21 years instead.Generally speaking, one can see a issue of countries and states lowering the gambling age from the once dominating gambling age of 21 year to just 18 years. This trend has been going for rather some time and across large partiallys of the solid ground.2.5 .2 Top of the worldCertain countries are, as a whole, hot ongambling. Measured in footing of loss per capita of king-size(a)s, the two top nations containing the maximum loss stand interrogative sentence and shoulders above the world. Those two infamous gambling Meccas are Australia and capital of Singapore (American Gaming Association, 2006).The top five countries as to gambling losses per capita of the adult population comprise Australia, Singapore, Ireland, Canada and Finland. The average net yearly per adult wasting disease on gambling for these nations runs from $1,275 down to $540 (American Gaming Association, 2006).2.6 Gambling in MauritiusIt was of late declared that the Council of Ministers in Mauritius endorsed the resolution that bookmakers operating out of the booster de vitiate racecourse are now permitted to work only on Fri geezerhood and Saturdays. manger now they were allowed to take bets upon publication of the official program of races on Thursdays. The r aison dtre set for this decision is that it will smooth the progress of condensing the twine of gambling on the Mauritanians.Gambling has become part of the foundation of the Mauritian society over the years. This takes account of casino gambling, online gambling, horse race betting and the loterie verte. Althoughhorse racingis still a popular betting sport, the Lotto, since its preface on the 7th of November 2009 as the new national draftsmanship, has exceeded it in standing. We just have to endure attention to the radio for a few minutes or take a glimpse at the bill jump ons when driving on the public passage to get to know about the jackpot for the coming draw. There are more than 500 counters across the island in supermarkets, petrol pumps, and shops facilitating customers to play the Lotto. roughly 12 scratch cards have also been pioneered giving mass the prospect of winning instant money. When people primarily used to place their hard-earned money on horses, now they ar e being ensnared into wasting it on the Lotto. A considerable number of people are already conquered by the jackpot fever, spending more than usual when the jackpot gets bigger.2.7 Types of gamblingGambling is a vast world which compromises of many branches from which people try their luck in the hope to make more money or just for the thrill of the game. In Mauritius you can easily fancy casinos, gaming houses (which is smaller than a casino but offers the same service for place class players) and shops where you gamble. Some of the available forms of gambling present on the island are2.7.1 The lottery. The lottery verte and the Lotto are the most common and most economic types of gambling for the government in Mauritius. The Lottery verte is a monthly lottery where you have to buy the slates at a retailer, which can be found everywhere, and you just have to detention for the end of the month to check your results and see if you have won. The prices of the tickets are Rs10 each and you are eligible to win prices ranging from Rs hundred thousand to Rs 10 one thousand thousand. On the other hand you have the Lotto which colonised itself in Mauritius more recently and now its the new furore for Mauritian. The idea is that you have to select 6 numbers out of 40 (each number can be selected only once) and then you just have to go to any supermarkets or retailer to validate your 6 numbers. apiece ticket cost Rs20 and you can play as much ticket you want. The lottotech, the company which runs the lotto, makes a public draw, on air, on the national passageway every Saturday. The lotto is a lottery where you have a cumulative jackpot, that is if no one wins the jackpot this week then the other week they will add this to a new jackpot thus every time you have the chance of winning a bigger one if you lose, and this jackpot starts at Rs5 million and can go up to Rs70 million (biggest jackpot won till now).2.7.2 Horse racing. Horse racing is anchored in our soci ety for ages and it forms part nowadays in our cultural and historical heritage. It was introduced in Mauritius by the English before the independence and it is still going strong. In the beginning horse racing was more for fame and social status than for making money and gambling. Latter to make the horse industry run and thrive, the board introduced betting on the horse racing and this was also a good opportunity for government to get tax money. Horse racing is a huge event in Mauritius, every Saturday and on some peculiar(a) occasions on Sundays we have horse racing at the Champ de damage which is the race tracks found in the capital Port Louis. forthwith in every rural and urban area you can find bookmakers who will take your bets on the horses as from Friday and on racing days you have a huge crowd who converge to the Champ de Mars for the fun and in the hope of making money.2.7.3 Casino. A casino is a facility which accommodates certain types of gambling activities such as slot machines, poker, blackjack, big or small, van lak, dice and roulette for example. Casinos are situated at strategic areas to lure more and more clients, such strategic areas skill be near hotels, touristic attractions, or even a city or town which is well frequented by many people. In Mauritius you have many casinos or gaming houses, which are smaller casinos but still well frequented by the people, found in the urban areas such as Rose-Hill, Vacoas, Port-Louis and some touristic places such as Grand Baie. Most games played have mathematically-determinedoddsthat check off the house has at all times an overall advantage over the players. This can be expressed more precisely by the touch ofexpected value, which is uniformly negative (from the players perspective). This advantage is called thehouse edge. This is why there is an adage the house always wins for the casinos. In Mauritius nowadays we can witness more and more casinos being offered a patent and opening their doors t o the public. The government knows that this is a fertile market and if they can make gambling accessible to more tourists and people it will surely be an advantage to them since the casinos have to pay a huge tax and money to get their patent. We can see that several tournaments are being organized in Mauritius, such as the population Poker Tour National Mauritius, which lures people from all over Africa and the Indian Ocean to come to Mauritius just to play poker. The hotels now when they are announce the island they also advertise casinos to get more tourists, a new line and a really good scheme that differs from other hotels as they are targeting more and more high class gambling tourists and which is a very profitable market.2.7.4 Scratch cards. This is the new craze among the Mauritian people. Scratch cards are simple and easily available across the whole island. The find oneself is simple just buy one and you have to scratch the cloudy surface which concealed the infor mation, if you get the required symbols you win, and the most attractive part of it is the opportunity to win instantly as compared to lottery where you have to wait for the draw and the prices at which they are sold and the prizes that you can get from it. cards can range from Rs20 to Rs100 and prizes may vary from Rs200 000 to Rs1 million. The scratch cards are supervised by the Lottotech the same company which manage the Lotto in Mauritius.2.7.5 Online gambling. Easy, availability, and affordable are the words usually associated with online gambling. Easy to log in on some betting commits, no account needs to be created and no fees to be paid. Availability because of the fact that it is all over the internet, you do not have to look far to find online gambling sites. pennon ads and pop-ups can be found on mostly every site which has a high level of traffic by people. It is affordable since some sites just let you bet for free and if you win then you have to cash in to be able t o play, some allows you to choose how many you want to bet and give you live odds according to what is natural event which cannot be found elsewhere. Online gambling targets most of the time teenagers, this is a strategy called grooming whereby they make the teenagers feel acquainted with the attractiveness of the game so that when he becomes older he will still be a potential income earner and a player.2.8 Gambling among university studentsGambling is omnipresent among university students as demonstrated through researches. The vast majority of students gamble without experiencing ill effects, even almost 8% of university students may build up a gambling problem (Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R. (2007). Gambling was once an acceptable form of entertainment on campuses but with the new laws, it is now forbidden to participate in any kind of gambling activities, but still it can be found everywhere. However, the warning signs of developing a gambling problem are not brought forward, a s is seen with other potentially addictive behaviors, such as medicate use and alcohol consumption. With the swell in gambling venues, social realization of gambling, and access to extensive and inexpensive means of gambling, it is not astounding that studies have found high rates of gambling linked adverse problems among college students.2.9 Problem gamblingProblem gambling or ludomania is an urge to continuously gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. The preponderance of problem gambling has been evaluated at 7.8% among university students which is considerably high than the roughly 5% rate found among the general population (Blinn, Pike, Worthy, Jonkman, 2006). Students facing problem gambling illustrate many signs including isolating behavior, lowered academic performance, poor liking control and displaying extreme overconfidence, and participating in other high risk behaviors such as bringing on alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use and risky sexual behavior (LaBrie, etal, 2003), (Goodie, A.S, 2005). Environmental doers also contribute to problem gambling. The surroundings of a student are a key factor in determining whether he is prone to problem gambling. If the students live in an area where gambling opportunities and social normative beliefs that are supportive of gambling activities are available, this increases the likelihood of gambling participation and of development of a gambling problem. Staffs that are conscious of environmental conditions that may contribute to problem gambling can develop policies to help these students (Wehner,M. 2007).2.9.1 Gambling Addiction and Problem GamblingWhether you wage on scratch cards, sports, poker, roulette, or slots, in a casino or online, problem gambling can sprain relationships, impede with work, and check to fiscal cataclysm. You may even do things you never contemplate you would, like stealing money to gamble or reimburse your debts. You may desire you cant stop but, with t he right help, you can triumph over a gambling problem or compulsion and reclaim control of your life. The first step is recognizing and acknowledging the problem. Gambling dependence is occasionally referred to as the vague illness because there are no apparent substantial signs or symptoms like there are in drug or alcohol addiction. Problem gamblers on average refute or minimize the problem. They also go to great lengths to bury their gambling habits. For example, problem gamblers regularly relinquish from their loved ones, sneak around, and lie about where theyve been and what theyve been up to (Jeanne Segal, Ph.D., Melinda Smith, M.A., and Lawrence Robinson, 2013).